FN Clarivate Analytics Web of Science VR 1.0 PT J AU Greenwald, AG De Houwer, J AF Greenwald, Anthony G. De Houwer, Jan TI Unconscious Conditioning: Demonstration of Existence and Difference From Conscious Conditioning SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-GENERAL LA English DT Article DE conditioning; unconscious cognition; response window method; visual masking; adversarial collaboration ID SEMANTIC ACTIVATION; CONTINGENCY AWARENESS; VISUAL MASKING; BRAIN SYSTEMS; PERCEPTION; COGNITION; EYEBLINK; MEMORY AB Unpronounceable strings of 4 consonants (conditioned stimuli: CSs) were consistently followed by familiar words belonging to 1 of 2 opposed semantic categories (unconditioned stimuli: USs). Conditioning, in the form of greater accuracy in rapidly classifying USs into their categories, was found when visually imperceptible (to most subjects) CSs occupied >= 58 ms of a 75-ms CS-US interval. When clearly visible CSs were presented in a 375 ms CS-US interval, conditioning was strongly correlated with measures of contingency awareness, and did not occur in the absence of that awareness. These experiments delineated 2 forms of conditioning: Unconscious conditioning occurred with a brief CS-US interval, with an effectively masked conditioned stimulus (CS), and with no reportable knowledge of the contingent CS-US relation. Conscious conditioning occurred with a substantially longer CS-US interval, a perceptible CS, and with subjects' reportable knowledge of the contingent CS-US relation. C1 [Greenwald, Anthony G.] Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [De Houwer, Jan] Univ Ghent, Dept Expt Clin & Hlth Psychol, Ghent, Belgium. RP Greenwald, AG (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM agg@u.washington.edu FU University of Washington; National Institute of Mental Health [MH-01533]; Ghent University [BOF16/MET_V/002]; Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program by the Belgian Science Policy Office [IUAPVII/33] FX Preparation of this article was made possible by the Implicit Cognition Research Fund at University of Washington, by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH-01533, by the Ghent University Grant BOF16/MET_V/002, and by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office (IUAPVII/33). We thank Larry Squire, David Shanks, Peter Lovibond, and Allan Wagner for comments on a preliminary draft, and Maarten De Schryver for data collection at Ghent University. 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Exp. Psychol.-Gen. PD DEC PY 2017 VL 146 IS 12 BP 1705 EP 1721 DI 10.1037/xge0000371 PG 17 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA FQ0ZX UT WOS:000418087000003 PM 29251984 DA 2018-02-28 ER EF